{"id":295,"date":"2026-08-29T10:31:03","date_gmt":"2026-08-29T17:31:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gozera.ai\/blog\/?p=295"},"modified":"2026-08-29T10:31:04","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T17:31:04","slug":"python-microsoft-graph-examples","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gozera.ai\/blog\/python-microsoft-graph-examples\/","title":{"rendered":"Python Microsoft Graph Examples That Run on the First Try"},"content":{"rendered":"<\/p>\n<p>Here are two minimal, working examples. The first uses delegated auth for local testing:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-python\">from azure.identity import DeviceCodeCredential\nfrom msgraph import GraphServiceClient\n\ncredential = DeviceCodeCredential(client_id=&quot;YOUR_CLIENT_ID&quot;, tenant_id=&quot;YOUR_TENANT_ID&quot;)\nclient = GraphServiceClient(credentials=credential, scopes=[&quot;User.Read&quot;])\nuser = await client.me.get()\nprint(user.display_name)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>The second uses app-only auth for background services:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-python\">from azure.identity import ClientSecretCredential\nfrom msgraph import GraphServiceClient\n\ncredential = ClientSecretCredential(&quot;TENANT_ID&quot;, &quot;CLIENT_ID&quot;, &quot;CLIENT_SECRET&quot;)\nclient = GraphServiceClient(credentials=credential, scopes=[&quot;https:\/\/graph.microsoft.com\/.default&quot;])\nusers = await client.users.get()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Delegated example: <code>DeviceCodeCredential<\/code> plus <code>\/me<\/code> for the fastest sanity check<\/li>\n<li>App-only example: <code>ClientSecretCredential<\/code> plus <code>\/users<\/code> for the pattern most production jobs actually use<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Try delegated auth first on your laptop to confirm connectivity, then move to app-only with a managed identity once you deploy.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"key-takeaways\" tabindex=\"-1\">Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n<p>Runnable Python examples for Microsoft Graph succeed when they pair the correct credential class with proper pagination and error handling from the start.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Point<\/th>\n<th>Details<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Start with delegated auth<\/td>\n<td>Use <code>DeviceCodeCredential<\/code> against <code>\/me<\/code> locally before building app-only scripts.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Match credentials to environment<\/td>\n<td>Reserve <code>ClientSecretCredential<\/code> and managed identity for unattended, production services.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Handle pagination explicitly<\/td>\n<td>Loop on <code>odata_next_link<\/code> since Graph pages results and silently truncates lists otherwise.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Secure secrets properly<\/td>\n<td>Store client secrets in environment variables or Key Vault, never in committed config files.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Instrument for ROI<\/td>\n<td>Track which automations actually run to connect Graph scripts to measurable Copilot adoption gains.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"table-of-contents\" tabindex=\"-1\">Table of Contents<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#prerequisites-and-quick-setup-for-python-microsoft-graph-examples\">Prerequisites and Quick Setup for Python Microsoft Graph Examples<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#delegated-vs-app-only-choosing-the-right-auth-model\">Delegated Vs App-Only: Choosing the Right Auth Model<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#setting-up-graphserviceclient-for-a-delegated-auth-example\">Setting Up GraphServiceClient for a Delegated Auth Example<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#app-only-access-and-paging-through-large-user-lists\">App-Only Access and Paging Through Large User Lists<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#common-cookbook-tasks-mail-groups-and-error-handling\">Common Cookbook Tasks: Mail, Groups, and Error Handling<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#taking-your-graph-scripts-from-sandbox-to-production\">Taking Your Graph Scripts From Sandbox to Production<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#turning-these-examples-into-something-a-firm-can-ship\">Turning These Examples Into Something a Firm Can Ship<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sources\">Sources<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"prerequisites-and-quick-setup-for-python-microsoft-graph-examples\" tabindex=\"-1\">Prerequisites and Quick Setup for Python Microsoft Graph Examples<\/h2>\n<p>Install the two packages every example in this guide depends on:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Run <code>python3 -m pip install azure-identity msgraph-sdk<\/code> inside a virtual environment.<\/li>\n<li>Confirm you\u2019re on Python 3.8 or later (the SDK\u2019s async client needs it).<\/li>\n<li>Create a virtualenv with <code>python3 -m venv .venv<\/code> before installing anything, so dependencies never leak into your system Python.<\/li>\n<li>Get a free E5 sandbox through the <a href=\"https:\/\/developer.microsoft.com\/microsoft-365\/dev-program\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Microsoft 365 Developer Program<\/a> rather than testing against a production tenant.<\/li>\n<li>If you want working code before you\u2019ve written a line, the Microsoft Graph quick-start tool (Python option) auto-generates an app registration and a sample project in about two minutes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Pro Tip:<\/strong> <em>Never test Graph calls against your firm\u2019s real tenant. A single misconfigured app-only script listing all users can trip alerts in your security team\u2019s SIEM before lunch.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"delegated-vs-app-only-choosing-the-right-auth-model\" tabindex=\"-1\">Delegated Vs App-Only: Choosing the Right Auth Model<\/h2>\n<p>Delegated authentication acts on behalf of a signed-in person; app-only authentication runs as a background identity with no user attached. That distinction decides almost everything else about your setup, from which credential class you import to which permissions you request in the Microsoft Entra admin center.<\/p>\n<p>For local development, <code>InteractiveBrowserCredential<\/code> and <code>DeviceCodeCredential<\/code> are the two options worth knowing:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>InteractiveBrowserCredential<\/code> pops a browser window and works well on a developer workstation with a display.<\/li>\n<li><code>DeviceCodeCredential<\/code> prints a code you enter on a second device, which suits headless environments like a remote VM or a CI runner.<\/li>\n<li><code>ClientSecretCredential<\/code> and managed identity are for services with no interactive user at all.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Delegated permissions request scopes like <code>User.Read<\/code>; app-only permissions request <code>.default<\/code> against roles like <code>User.Read.All<\/code>, and both require <a href=\"https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/python\/api\/azure-identity\/azure.identity?view=azure-python\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Azure Identity\u2019s credential classes<\/a> to actually authenticate. Delegated apps generally need per-scope user consent, while app-only permissions almost always require a tenant admin to grant consent up front in the admin center. Skip that step and every API call returns a 403, no matter how correct your code is.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"setting-up-graphserviceclient-for-a-delegated-auth-example\" tabindex=\"-1\">Setting Up GraphServiceClient for a Delegated Auth Example<\/h2>\n<p>Once you\u2019ve picked a credential, initializing the client takes one line:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-python\">from azure.identity import DeviceCodeCredential\nfrom msgraph import GraphServiceClient\n\ncredential = DeviceCodeCredential(client_id=&quot;YOUR_CLIENT_ID&quot;, tenant_id=&quot;YOUR_TENANT_ID&quot;)\nscopes = [&quot;User.Read&quot;, &quot;Mail.Read&quot;]\nclient = GraphServiceClient(credentials=credential, scopes=scopes)\n\nasync def get_me():\n    user = await client.me.get(\n        request_configuration=client.me.get_request_config(\n            query_parameters={&quot;$select&quot;: [&quot;displayName&quot;, &quot;mail&quot;, &quot;jobTitle&quot;]}\n        )\n    )\n    print(user.display_name, user.mail)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Run it by saving your <code>client_id<\/code> and <code>tenant_id<\/code> in environment variables or a <code>config.cfg<\/code> file, then executing <code>python3 main.py<\/code> from your virtualenv. The Build Python apps with Microsoft Graph tutorial walks through the exact config file structure Microsoft\u2019s samples expect.<\/p>\n<p>Two things trip up almost everyone on their first run:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A cached browser session can silently reuse the wrong account, so <code>\/me<\/code> returns data for someone else\u2019s login.<\/li>\n<li>Forgetting to request <code>Mail.Read<\/code> up front means the call above works, but a later attempt to read messages fails with an insufficient-scope error instead of a clear \u201cadd this permission\u201d message.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The <code>$select<\/code> parameter matters more than it looks. Requesting only three fields instead of the full user object cuts payload size and speeds up every subsequent call in a loop.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"app-only-access-and-paging-through-large-user-lists\" tabindex=\"-1\">App-Only Access and Paging Through Large User Lists<\/h2>\n<p>Background jobs, like a nightly script that syncs your firm\u2019s directory into a CRM, need app-only auth. Here\u2019s a runnable example that lists every user in the tenant:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-python\">from azure.identity import ClientSecretCredential\nfrom msgraph import GraphServiceClient\n\ncredential = ClientSecretCredential(\n    tenant_id=&quot;YOUR_TENANT_ID&quot;,\n    client_id=&quot;YOUR_CLIENT_ID&quot;,\n    client_secret=&quot;YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET&quot;,\n)\nclient = GraphServiceClient(credentials=credential, scopes=[&quot;https:\/\/graph.microsoft.com\/.default&quot;])\n\nasync def list_all_users():\n    users = []\n    response = await client.users.get()\n    while response:\n        users.extend(response.value)\n        if response.odata_next_link:\n            response = await client.users.with_url(response.odata_next_link).get()\n        else:\n            break\n    return users\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li>Register the app with <code>User.Read.All<\/code> as an application permission, not delegated, and get a tenant admin to grant consent before the script will return anything.<\/li>\n<li>Store the client secret as an environment variable or in Azure Key Vault, never in the script itself.<\/li>\n<li>Loop on <code>odata_next_link<\/code> until it comes back empty, since <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/microsoftgraph\/msgraph-sdk-python\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Graph pages results at a set maximum number of items per call<\/a> and a naive single request silently truncates your data.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Pro Tip:<\/strong> <em>If a \u201ccomplete\u201d user list looks suspiciously round, like exactly 100 or 200 records, you almost certainly forgot the pagination loop.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"common-cookbook-tasks-mail-groups-and-error-handling\" tabindex=\"-1\">Common Cookbook Tasks: Mail, Groups, and Error Handling<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/gozera.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/1787567760932_Hands-swapping-hardware-authentication-token.jpeg\" alt=\"Hands swapping hardware authentication token\"><\/p>\n<p>Sending mail requires building a <code>Message<\/code> object with a body and recipient list, then calling <code>send_mail<\/code> on the user\u2019s mailbox:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-python\">from msgraph.generated.models.message import Message\nfrom msgraph.generated.models.item_body import ItemBody\nfrom msgraph.generated.models.recipient import Recipient\nfrom msgraph.generated.models.email_address import EmailAddress\n\nmessage = Message(\n    subject=&quot;Weekly status&quot;,\n    body=ItemBody(content_type=&quot;text&quot;, content=&quot;Attached is this week's summary.&quot;),\n    to_recipients=[Recipient(email_address=EmailAddress(address=&quot;teammate@firm.com&quot;))],\n)\nawait client.me.send_mail.post(body={&quot;message&quot;: message})\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Reading a group\u2019s membership follows the same pagination pattern as the users list. Wrap every call in a try\/except that catches the SDK\u2019s <code>APIError<\/code>, since throttling and permission failures both surface there:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use <code>$select<\/code> to request only the fields you need, <code>$filter<\/code> to narrow results server-side, and <code>$top<\/code> to cap page size.<\/li>\n<li>Catch <code>APIError<\/code> around every call and inspect the response code before retrying blindly.<\/li>\n<li>Treat a 429 response as a signal to back off and retry after the <code>Retry-After<\/code> header\u2019s value, not a fixed delay, since throttling limits vary by endpoint and tenant.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"taking-your-graph-scripts-from-sandbox-to-production\" tabindex=\"-1\">Taking Your Graph Scripts From Sandbox to Production<\/h2>\n<p>Code that works on your laptop and code that survives a production deployment are different problems. Keep secrets out of source control entirely: environment variables or Key Vault, never a <code>config.cfg<\/code> file committed alongside your script.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Swap <code>ClientSecretCredential<\/code> for a managed identity once your script runs inside Azure, so there\u2019s no secret to rotate at all.<\/li>\n<li>Rotate any client secrets that do exist on a fixed schedule, and log every consent grant so you can audit who approved which permission.<\/li>\n<li>Keep testing in an E5 developer tenant even after launch, since it isolates permission changes from your real user base.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Pro Tip:<\/strong> <em>The same telemetry patterns that catch a broken Graph script, like tracking which calls actually execute versus which licenses sit unused, are what let you measure whether a Microsoft 365 Copilot rollout is paying for itself. Gozera builds this kind of usage instrumentation into its <a href=\"https:\/\/gozera.ai\/blog\/how-to-measure-microsoft-365-adoption\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Copilot adoption engagements<\/a> for professional-services firms.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"turning-these-examples-into-something-a-firm-can-ship\" tabindex=\"-1\">Turning These Examples Into Something a Firm Can Ship<\/h2>\n<p>The reader\u2019s real bottleneck usually isn\u2019t finding correct Python syntax. It\u2019s not knowing which of these decisions actually matters. Firms burn hours debating naming conventions in their app registration while shipping a script with no pagination loop, which silently returns 100 users out of 4,000.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/gozera.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/1787567767997_Impact-of-pagination-on-user-data-retrieval.jpeg\" alt=\"Impact of pagination on user data retrieval\"><\/p>\n<p>Prioritize three things in this order: pick the right credential class for the job (delegated for anything touching a specific person\u2019s mailbox, app-only for anything running unattended), handle pagination and throttling from the first draft rather than bolting it on later, and get admin consent sorted before you write a single line of business logic. Conventional tutorials tend to treat authentication as a checkbox to clear before the \u201creal\u201d work starts. In practice, the credential decision determines your error-handling code, your consent flow, and whether the script can even run without a human present.<\/p>\n<p>Firms adopting Microsoft 365 Copilot alongside custom Graph scripts often skip the instrumentation step entirely. They automate a workflow, confirm it runs once, and never measure whether it\u2019s actually used six months later. The same <code>odata_next_link<\/code> loop that paginates a user list can just as easily log which employees touch a given automation, and that data is what turns a Python script from a clever demo into a defensible line item on a budget review. If Gozera\u2019s work with mid-market professional-services firms has shown one consistent pattern, it\u2019s that the technical build is rarely the hard part. Measuring what happens after launch is.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><em>\u2014 Mad<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2 id=\"sources\" tabindex=\"-1\">Sources<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/microsoftgraph\/msgraph-sdk-python\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">microsoftgraph\/msgraph-sdk-python<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/python\/api\/azure-identity\/azure.identity?view=azure-python\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Azure Identity client library for Python<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"recommended\" tabindex=\"-1\">Recommended<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/gozera.ai\/blog\/microsoft-365-automation-with-python\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Microsoft 365 Automation with Python: 2026 Production Guide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/gozera.ai\/blog\/top-microsoft-365-workflow-tools\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Top Microsoft 365 Workflow Tools for Professional Services<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/gozera.ai\/blog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zera Consulting \u2013 Microsoft 365 Copilot ROI and adoption insights for mid-market professional services<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/gozera.ai\/blog\/microsoft-365-copilot-implementation-guide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Microsoft 365 Copilot Implementation Guide for IT Leaders<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Discover simple Python Microsoft Graph examples that work seamlessly on the first try, enabling quick implementation for your projects.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":296,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-295","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast 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